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Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire
The East Roman or Byzantine Empire (330–1453) had a developed administrative system, which can be divided into three major periods: the late Roman/early Byzantine, which was a continuation and evolution of the system begun by the emperors Diocletian and Constantine the Great, which gradually evolved into the middle Byzantine, where the theme system predominated alongside a restructured central bureaucracy, and the late Byzantine, where the structure was more varied and decentralized and where feudal elements appeared.
== Early period: 4th–7th centuries==
The classic Diocletianian/Constantinian model, as exemplified by the ''Notitia Dignitatum'', divided the Roman Empire into provinces (in Greek επαρχία, eparchy), which in turn were grouped into dioceses and then into praetorian prefectures.
The system remained intact until the 530s, when Justinian I (r. 527–565) undertook his administrative reforms. He effectively abolished the dioceses, merged smaller provinces and created new types of jurisdictions like the ''quaestura exercitus'', which combined civil with military authority, thus overturning the main principle of the Diocletianic system.
Under Maurice (r. 582–602), this was carried a step further with the exarchates of Italy and Africa, which became effectively semi-autonomous territories.
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